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Ibn Khaldūn (; (アラビア語: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي), ; May 27, 1332 – March 19, 1406) was an Ifriqiyan (North Africa) Arab〔Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past. Sarah Bowen Savant.〕〔Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Robert D. Burrowes.〕〔http://muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-khaldun-his-life-and-works〕 Muslim historiographer and historian, regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern sociology,〔 historiography, demography,〔 and economics.〔• Joseph J. Spengler (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'', 6(3), pp. (268 )-306. • Jean David C. Boulakia (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''Journal of Political Economy'', 79(5), pp. ( 1105–1118 ).〕〔 He is best known for his book, the ''Muqaddimah'' (literally the "Introduction", known as the ''Prolegomena'' in Greek). The book influenced 17th-century Ottoman historians like Ḥajjī Khalīfa and Mustafa Naima who used the theories in the book to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. 19th-century European scholars also acknowledged the significance of the book and considered Ibn Khaldun as one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.〔Bernard Lewis: "Ibn Khaldun in Turkey", in: ''Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires'', Foundation El Legado Andalusí, 2006, ISBN 978-84-96556-34-8, pp. 376–380 (376)〕〔S. M. Deen (2007) ''Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival''. p. 157. ISBN 1-84799-942-5〕 ==Biography== Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an autobiography (, '〔Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951〕) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word. Generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, he was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 A.H.) into an upper-class Andalusian family of Arab descent,〔''The Historical Muhammad'', Irving M. Zeitlin, (Polity Press, 2007), 21;"''It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line.''".〕〔''The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State'', Halim Barakat, (University of California Press, 1993), 48;"''The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power.''"〕〔''Ibn Khaldun'', M. Talbi, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825;"''Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest...''"〕 the Banu Khaldun. The grandfather of the Banu Khaldun was Othman ibn Bakr ibn Khalid, also called ''Khaldun''. He was a Yemenite Arab which claimed descendancy from one of the companions of the islamic prophet called '' Waíl ibn Hujr''.〔Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past: Sarah Bowen Savant.〕 His family, which held many high offices in Andalusia, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to the Reconquista in AD 1248 . Under the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty some of his family held political office; Ibn Khaldūn's father and grandfather however withdrew from political life and joined a mystical order. His brother, Yahya Khaldun, was also a historian who wrote a book on the Abdalwadid dynasty, and who was assassinated by a rival for being the official historiographer of the court.〔 (« Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy », ''Journal asiatique'', troisième série, tome XII, éd. Société asiatique, Paris, 1841, p. 491 )〕 In his autobiography, Khaldun traces his descent back to the time of Muhammad through an Arab tribe from Yemen, specifically the Hadhramaut, which came to the Iberian Peninsula in the eighth century at the beginning of the Islamic conquest. In his own words: "And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hujr also known as Hujr ibn'Adi, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected." (p. 2429, (Al-Waraq )'s edition). However, the biographer Mohammad Enan questions his claim, suggesting that his family may have been Muladis who pretended to be of Arab origin in order to gain social status.〔A., Khaldun: His life and Works for Mohammad Enan〕 Enan also mentions a well documented past tradition, concerning certain Berber groups, whereby they delusively "aggrandize" themselves with some Arab ancestry. The motive of such an invention was always the desire for political and societal ascendancy. Some speculate this of the Khaldun family; they elaborate that Ibn Khaldun himself was the product of the same Berber ancestry as the native majority of his birthplace. A point congenial to this posits that Ibn Khaldun's unusual written focus on, and admiration for Berbers reveals a deference towards them that is born of a vested interest in preserving them in the realm of conscious history.In contrast, Muhammad Hozien chooses to believe: "The false () identity would be valid however at the time that Ibn Khaldun's ancestors left Andalusia and moved to Tunisia they did not change their claim to Arab ancestry. Even in the times when Berbers were ruling in Al-Andalus, the reigns of Almoravids and Almohads, the Ibn Khalduns did not reclaim their Berber heritage. A second point is that he could have been an arab if he only attacked arabs in general. However he specifically talked about the Banu Hilal tribe that was sent by the Fatimid empire to destabilize North-Africa. A third point is that he critisized the sub-saharan africans by calling them ''to stupid to realise that they are being used as slaves'' which also showed his criticism to the africans. A fourth point is that even when he critisized he's own people, that doesn't make him an outsider.".〔(IBN KHALDUN: His Life and Work by Muhammad Hozien )〕 The traceline of his descendancy and surname give the strongest indication of his arab Yemenite ancestry.〔〔Al-Muqqadimah. Ibn Khaldun〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ibn Khaldun」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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